The Evolution Essays - Network Protocols, Frame Relay, Cell Relay

The Evolution In nature evolution occurs throughout various different things. Also evolution occurs in technology. Take for instance, ATM was an evolution of frame relay, and frame relay was an evolution of packet switching. Evolution happens everywhere but in technology it happens all the time. Packet switching technology breaks down messages into fixed-length pieces called packets and sent through a network individually. In packet switching messages are segmented into packets of a pre determined size before they are sent. This process is called packetizing. The packets are normally 1000 bytes long. There is a lot of error protection in the packet. Packet switching networks are made to run several alternative high-speed paths from one node to another. For instance if a node from San Francisco is trying to send a message to Los Angeles and the connection is busy or down, it will redirect its message to Denver then to Los Angeles as an alternative route. Frame relay is packet switching's next of kin. Frame relay evolved from packet switching. Instead of sending packets frame relay sends frames. " A frame has a one-byte header, two addressing and control bytes, a variable-length data field (1-64000 bytes), a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check, and a termination byte."Tcom book. In frame relay, there is hardware, on both ends of the connection that builds and breaks down frames. They do this through all kinds of data streams, LAN packets, digital voice, and asynchronous terminal input and the hardware writes the frames serially. The reason frame relay is more popular and better evolved than packet switching is that it uses commonly available circuits, which provides good throughput, and has low latency and is easy to configure. Packet switching is only good for data transferring and is sent through one type of line. Frame relay sends more information faster and through multi forms of connections. This makes packet switching not the suitabl e choice for ISP's. Thus leaving packet switching out of the picture in that field of that business. Many ISP's us frame relay as a customer access technology, for port aggregation and local traffic switching by ISP's is the fastest growing segment of the frame relay market. Leaving packet switching in the dust. However frame relay is not top dog in data transfers. Another form of transferring has evolved from frame relay, which is ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode). It is also known as cell relay. This form was created to solve the problem of delays in the transferring. It gets really annoying when you watch a video and it keeps on skipping or stopping every few seconds. That is an idea of a delay in data transferring. Its cells use fixed packets of 53 bytes. Theses cells can also be built and broken down like frame relay, but in a faster time. All forms of data, like voice, video, and data, can be sent through a single ATM line, at the same time (like a T3 line). A large amount of bandwidth is required to use ATM. However frame relay may be the more efficient way to go. Do to the fact that it cost more for ATM lines that it does for frame relay. Right now frame relay is the efficient source of data transfer, but in the future as multimedia features grow the need for ATM will grow with it as well. Having the best isn't always better. It may cost more than what you want to spend. From packet switching to frame relay to ATM, they all evolved from each other. Taking existing technology and improving it for the time it is needed for.

buy custom Demonstrate Awareness of Societal Issues Appropriate for an Individual essay

buy custom Demonstrate Awareness of Societal Issues Appropriate for an Individual essay Health care is a wide institution, which provides curative, preventive rehabilitative and promotional health care services to individuals and societies. Great strides have been made in the past to improve the health care professions image on the society. Modern and effective technical capabilities which ensure more precise diagnosis are adopted to enhance social trust. Health care issues are concerned with threats to health. The health care professional encompasses knowledge on the physicians mental, physical and mental well being. The professional is also expected to have multidisciplinary knowledge on community health, environmental health, occupational health and health services. Interdisciplinary approaches in biostatistics and epidemiology is also vital. The public health professional should be able to accommodate different types of people and help them in the best way possible. They should advice people accordingly to enable them achieve holistic health. They should be able to address issues of abortion, race, gay relationships and embarrassing illnesses with decorum and professionalism. Most professionals have established guidelines for good practice. Contravening on these guidelines may constitute neglect or abuse. As a result, health care professionals have established principles of good conduct. Some tenets of god practice have been made into law while others are set by the professional associations. Social and Health care professions have the concept of care and duty towards their users. The quality and well being of service delivered should therefore be highly prioritized as all treatment is anticipated to have therapeutic or life saving benefits to the patient. The patients should be allowed access to vital information relating to their health and well being. The health professional should communicate and network with colleagues in an attempt to enrich the medical field. They should address upcoming issues, challenges and interests. Health care services are regulated by the government by a national regulatory agency. It also licenses care givers who might wish to practice private health care. The agency acts as a disciplinary arm. Buy custom Demonstrate Awareness of Societal Issues Appropriate for an Individual essay

City Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City Government - Research Paper Example Either of these statements makes Greater Los Angeles area the second biggest metropolitan area in the United States of America. The US Census Bureau indicated that the Los Angeles Metropolitan region covers 4,850 square miles, while the broader joined statistical region has 33,954 square miles thus making it the biggest metropolitan area in the US by land mass. However, almost three quarters of this region lies in sparsely populated Eastern region of San Bernardino and Riverside counties. Additional, Greater Los Angeles Area is an international center of education, tourism, trade, sports, transportation, fashion, and media (Haughton and Collin 56). Urbanization form of the Great Los Angeles Area Historically, the Greater Los Angeles has a reputation of spreading out in the sense that it has densely populated urbanized region with a population of 5,309 per square mile. The rapid sprawl in Greater Los Angeles is attributed to the decentralization structure of the area. It is known for its strong financial, cultural, and commercial institutions that are dispersed geographically rather than being confined in one central area. Within the urbanized areas of the Greater Los Angeles area, it has low-buildings due to regulations in Zoning. The urban form of the Greater Los Angeles is attributed to the first early years of the twentieth century when the region was marked by dense but split cities that were connected by rail. The emergence of automobile aided in closing the gaps between commuter towns with less dense populations. Development in Greater Los Angeles Area continues to take place in both the urbanized and central areas. For instance, there is a vigorous residential house development in downtown places with both renovation and construction of new building take shape. Greater Los Angeles identity The term Southland or Greater Los Angeles are used to refer to the metropolitan region. Employment is not enshrined in one area but it is widespread in the entire regi on. As such, people travel throughout Greater Los Angeles and its suburbs in diverse directions for the tasks and daily chores, with majority of these people going to the municipalities in the city outskirts of Los Angeles. Regional identity in the area is evident in that most residents do not acknowledge interacting and associating with the region in its entirety. For instance, orange county residents like to be recognized different from Los Angeles despite the fact that they share same metropolitan area with Los Angeles County (Census Bureau 41). Greater Los Angeles Boundaries Orange County Orange County in conjunction with Los Angeles County makes up Los Angeles Metropolitan area, a major region of the Greater Los Angeles Area. The development and change in Los Angeles influenced rapid growth in population in Orange County. The creation of tourism permitted it to become a significant economic area. Currently, Orange County is recognized for tourism attraction like Knott’s Berry Farm and its different beautiful coastline and beaches. Some cities such as Irvine and Anaheim developed because of cultural and business attractions in the area. Orange County is divided into the South and the North. The North is dominantly whites demographically and developed than the South. The division in Orange County is a result of demographic and cultural differences that has been there for many decades