Friday, January 31, 2020
Tax Law Essay Example for Free
Tax Law Essay Summarize the sources and objectives of modern income tax statutes. The primary source of US tax law is Congress. Power to initiate tax legislation is vested in the House of Representatives but all tax bills must pass both houses and be signed into law by the President. Many times the details of the legislation are not dictated by Congress, but left to the Treasury Department which adopts regulations (that have the force of law) to spell out the details as well as interpret the statutes and provide guidance on the law. In addition, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues rulings that address the application of the law to specific fact situations. The court system is also involved in making tax law through decisions about specific fact situations. The main tax courts are the US Tax Court and the District Courts of the US. These decisions can (and do) overturn and change tax provisions based on other decisions, as well as the legislative history of the particular legislation. The primary objective of the federal income tax law is to raise revenues for government operations. In recent years, the federal government has broadened its use of the tax laws to accomplish various economic and social policy objectives. Economic Objectives The federal income tax law is used as a fiscal policy tool to stimulate private investment, reduce unemployment, and mitigate the effects of inflation on the economy. The federal income tax law also attempts to stimulate and encourage certain activities, specialized industries, and small businesses. Social Objectives The tax law attempts to encourage or discourage certain socially desirable or undersirable activities. For example: Special tax-favored pension and profit-sharing plans have been created for employees and self-employed individuals to supplement the social security retirement system. Compare and contrast GAAP and tax accounting. Explain why they are different. GAAP accounting records all financial transactions: cash, accrual, investment, expenses, tax and all other expenses and deductions that may or may not have to be reported on your yearly tax form. This form of accounting is governed by strict standards and rules and may show actual income that is different from taxable income. GAAP accounting is a set of standards provided by policy boards and commonly accepted methods of recording financial information that gives consistency to any type of financial reporting. Tax based accounting is used by most CPAs, and the majority of certified financial statements come from tax based accounting. The focus of this type of accounting is on tracking your taxable income as it builds throughout the year. Tax accounting is a method of producing financial statements that uses the same methods that will apply to your tax return. Features GAAP accounting provides a means for a business to have a complete overview of the reality of its operations by tracking all monetary relationships, investments and expenditure. Tax accounting provides a focus on business or personal expenses that pertain to tax records only. Benefits GAAP accounting is more involved then tax accounting and provides more details about the monetary reality of daily operations that may or may not pertain to your tax needs. It also provides an accurate statement of your liabilities and assets. Tax based accounting has less rules and makes it easier to see where you stand at any given point of the year with taxable income, it does not, however, reliably report all liabilities and assets. Considerations When choosing which form of accounting to use for your personal or business needs there are several points to consider. If your business must issue financial statements to investors, GAAP provides greater consistency in the reporting, as it is guided by industry standards and not subject to the many changes that occur in tax requirements on a yearly basis. If you are newly in business, or if you are just beginning to use an accounting method in your personal life, you may want to utilize GAAP standards, as it will allow ou to begin to see how money is used in all areas of your life and business. If you are established in your business and do not need to issue financial statements, or your personal budget is adequate and realistic to your living needs, the simpler tax accounting methods may be better for you as your focus will remain on what is needed to successfully file taxes at the end of each year, and you do not need the masses of data associated with tracking ever y financial transaction that occurs during the year. Expert Insight Tax accounting, also known as OCBOA (Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting), also includes a method of accounting known as cash basis. It is rare that any business can succeed basing its accounting on cash. The intricacies of financial transactions and the necessity of looking for non-cash based deductions come tax time make cash based tax accounting impractical. Note that all standards for accounting are set by the IASC (International Accounting Standards Commission). Differentiate between tax avoidance and tax evasion. Since the passage of the first income tax law, tax accountants, lawyers, and business persons have concerned themselves with choosing among the various forms a transaction may take. Tax planning is the process of arranging an individual’s transactions in such a manner as to maximize the individual’s after-tax income. This process is called tax avoidance, and it is a legal and legitimate pursuit. Some persons choose to ignore their obligations and the clear provisions of the law, and their actions often result in Tax Evasion. Tax evasion involves fraudulent or criminal behavior as well as conduct involving deception, concealment, or destruction of records. Tax evasion occurs when the taxpayer avoids payment of taxes that are legally due and owed under tax laws, either through underreporting income or claim deductions to which they are not entitled. The English precedents were relied on repeatedly by Indian courts as well. Tax avoidance was thus seen as a permanent right of assessees. Then came the turbulence, temporary though. The Supreme Court, in the McDowell Co Ltd vs CTO (1985 154 ITR 148 SC) case, said that time has come to depart from the old thinking. It said even tax avoidance is bad and deserves condemnation. The apex courts justification for this being, the House of Lords, the highest judicial forum of English, has given a go-by to the principle laid down by the British courts (in Duke of Westminster case). Since tax avoidance as a legal route was rejected by the very country of origin, it does not merit any better treatment in India, the Supreme Court held. The adverse legal consequences of this judgment for taxpayers were enormous. First, it came from the highest court of the land and, therefore, binding on all lower courts and Tribunals. Two, the McDowell case blurred the distinction between avoidance and evasion. The Department, of course, welcomed the ruling. It repeatedly tried applying this case, as only the Supreme Court can undo the McDowell case, if at all. And fortunately the apex court did reverse the findings in the McDowell case in Union of India vs Azadi Bachao Andolan (2003 132 Taxmann 373 SC). It was argued before the Supreme Court that the McDowell case had changed the face of fiscal jurisprudence in the country. Therefore, for any tax planning, the court must strike down what is intended to and results in avoidance. Rejecting this argument, the apex court upheld the legitimate rights of taxpayer in tax avoidance. In the process, it found that the McDowell ruling was nothing exceptional but only an exception to the well-settled law.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
M-commerce :: essays research papers
Contents Part A: What is M-Commerce? 2 Part B: Terminologies & Standards 2 Part C: Features & Advantages of M-Commerce 3 Part D: Services 3, 4 Part E: Limitations of M-Commerce 4 Part F: Conclusion 4 Part G: References 5 What is Mobile Commerce? M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling or transaction of goods and services through wireless devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). OR Simply, any e-commerce done through wireless devices (e.g. mobile phones) over any network especially the internet. Some Terminologies & Standards Used in M-Commerce      GPS:          Global Positioning System A system of satellites and receiving devices used to locate positions on the Earth      PDA:          Personal Digital Assistant It’s a handheld wireless computer.      SMS:          Short Messaging Service Enables us to send simple text messages.      EMS:          Enhanced Messaging Service Enables us to send simple melodies, images, sounds, animations and formatted text.      MMS:          Multimedia Messaging Service Enables us to send multimedia messages.      WAP:          Wireless Application Protocol It is an international standard for mobile internet access.      Smart Phone: Internet-enabled cell phones A combination of a mobile phone and a PDA.      GPRS: General Packet Radio Service One of the latest advancements in wireless data. It is used in GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) for transferring data in packets. Features & Advantages of M-Commerce Mobility Users can carry cell phones or other mobile devices anywhere. Reachability With a cell phone a user can be contacted anywhere anytime. Convenience These devices can store data and have advance features and are easy to use. Instant Connectivity Users can connect instantly and easily to the internet through their wireless devices anytime anywhere. Location-Based Services By knowing interests of a user sellers can send user-specific or location-specific advertising messages. Mobile Services Some services offered in m-commerce are:- Entertainment †¢Ã‚     Music †¢Ã‚     Games †¢Ã‚     Graphics †¢Ã‚     Video Communications †¢Ã‚     Short Messaging †¢Ã‚     Multimedia Messaging †¢Ã‚     Advertising Messaging †¢Ã‚     E-mail †¢Ã‚     Video – Conferencing Transactions †¢Ã‚     Banking †¢Ã‚     Shopping †¢Ã‚     Auctions †¢Ã‚     Booking & Reservations Information †¢Ã‚     News †¢Ã‚     Sports †¢Ã‚     Jokes †¢Ã‚     Directory Services †¢Ã‚     Maps †¢Ã‚     Traffic and Weather †¢Ã‚     Stock Exchange Limitations of M-Commerce      Limited storage capacity of devices      Hard to browse sites      Small size of mobile devices (screens, keypads etc.)      Insufficient bandwidth      Power consumption limitations      Poor reception in some places (like tunnels) Conclusion Within a few years, there will be well over a billion mobile phone users worldwide and the majority of mobile phones will be connected to the Internet.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Benefits Of Reading Books Essay
I’ve found that no matter what I read, the act of reading every day has helped me in nearly every aspect of my life. Here are a few of my favorite ways that reading has improved my quality of life, and will definitely improve yours. 1. Mental Stimulation Studies have shown that staying mentally stimulated can slow the progressof (or possibly even prevent) Alzheimer’s and Dementia, since keeping your brain active and engaged prevents it from losing power. Just like any other muscle in the body, the brain requires exercise to keep it strong and healthy, so the phrase â€Å"use it or lose it†is particularly apt when it comes to your mind. Doing puzzles and playing games such as chess have also been found to be helpful with cognitive stimulation. 2. Stress Reduction No matter how much stress you have at work, in your personal relationships, or countless other issues faced in daily life, it all just slips away when you lose yourself in a great story. A well-written novel can transport you to other realms, while an engaging article will distract you and keep you in the present moment, letting tensions drain away and allowing you to relax. 3. Knowledge Everything you read fills your head with new bits of information, and you never know when it might come in handy. The more knowledge you have, the better-equipped you are to tackle any challenge you’ll ever face. Additionally, here’s a bit of food for thought: should you ever find yourself in dire circumstances, remember that although you might lose everything elseâ€â€your job, your possessions, your money, even your healthâ€â€knowledge can never be taken from you. 4. Vocabulary Expansion This goes with the above topic: the more you read, the more words you gain exposure to, and they’ll inevitably make their way into your everyday vocabulary. Being articulate and well-spoken is of great help in any profession, and knowing that you can speak to higher-ups with self-confidence can be an enormous boost to your self-esteem. It could even aid in your career, as those who are well-read, well-spoken, and knowledgeable on a variety of topics tend to get promotions more quickly (and more often) than those with smaller vocabularies and lack of awareness of literature, scientific breakthroughs, and global events. Reading books is also vital for learning new languages, as non-native speakers gain exposure to words used in context, which will ameliorate their own speaking and writing fluency. 5. Memory Improvement When you read a book, you have to remember an assortment of characters, their backgrounds, ambitions, history, and nuances, as well as the various arcs and sub-plots that weave their way through every story. That’s a fair bit to remember, but brains are marvellous things and can remember these things with relative ease. Amazingly enough, every new memory you create forges new synapses (brain pathways)and strengthens existing ones, which assists in short-term memory recall as well as stabilizing moods. How cool is that? 6. Stronger Analytical Thinking Skills Have you ever read an amazing mystery novel, and solved the mystery yourself before finishing the book? If so, you were able to put critical and analytical thinking to work by taking note of all the details provided and sorting them out to determine â€Å"whodunnit†. That same ability to analyze details also comes in handy when it comes to critiquing the plot; determining whether it was a well-written piece, if the characters were properly developed, if the storyline ran smoothly, etc. Should you ever have an opportunity to discuss the book with others, you’ll be able to state your opinions clearly, as you’ve taken the time to really consider all the aspects involved. 7. Improved Focus and Concentration In our internet-crazed world, attention is drawn in a million different directions at once as we multi-task through every day. In a single 5-minute span, the average person will divide their time between working on a task, checking email, chatting with a couple of people (via gchat, skype, etc.), keeping an eye on twitter, monitoring their smartphone, and interacting with co-workers. This type of ADD-like behaviour causes stress levels to rise, andlowers our productivity. When you read a book, all of your attention is focused on the storyâ€â€the rest of the world just falls away, and you can immerse yourself in every fine detail you’re absorbing. Try reading for 15-20 minutes before work (i.e. on your morning commute, if you take public transit), and you’ll be surprised at how much more focused you are once you get to the office. 8. Better Writing Skills This goes hand-in-hand with the expansion of your vocabulary: exposure to published, well-written work has a noted effect on one’s own writing, as observing the cadence, fluidity, and writing styles of other authors will invariably influence your own work. In the same way that musicians influence one another, and painters use techniques established by previous masters, so do writers learn how to craft prose by reading the works of others. 9. Tranquility In addition to the relaxation that accompanies reading a good book, it’s possible that the subject you read about can bring about immense inner peace and tranquility. Reading spiritual texts can lower blood pressure and bring about an immense sense of calm, while reading self-help books has been shown to help people suffering from certain mood disorders and mild mental illnesses. 10. Free Entertainment Though many of us like to buy books so we can annotate them and dog-ear pages for future reference, they can be quite pricey. For low-budget entertainment, you can visit your local library and bask in the glory of the countless tomes available there for free. Libraries have books on every subject imaginable, and since they rotate their stock and constantly get new books, you’ll never run out of reading materials.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Sunday, December 29, 2019
Dealing With Woodpecker and Sapsucker Tree Issues
Many woodpeckers and sapsuckers are tree bark-feeding birds with unique clinging feet, long tongues, and specialized beaks. These beaks are designed to help with communicating the possession of territory to rivals and locating and accessing sap and insects. This is done mostly by rapid drumming and pecking noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. There is a big difference between the two birds. Sapsuckers Versus Woodpeckers The insect-eating woodpecker (family Picidae) has a long tongue  in many cases as long as the woodpecker itself  that can be quickly extended forward to capture insects from the inner and outer bark. Woodpeckers explore decaying cavities on trees and spots that have active insect activity. Woodpeckers tend to feed only on dead or dying wood and are generally considered harmless to a tree. They do not feed on tree sap like their sap-sucking cousins, which can seriously damage trees. You can tell the difference between the birds that have been visiting your trees by the holes they leave behind. Sapsuckers have a tendency to form lots of small holes in horizontal lines. This allows for sap to flow out when they are feeding. Meanwhile, the holes left behind by woodpeckers are larger and can be found in different spots up and down a tree. The sapsucker is a serious tree pest. The most common sapsucker in North America, also the most destructive, is the American yellow-bellied sapsucker. The bird is one of four true sapsuckers in the family Sphyrapicus. The American yellow-bellied sapsucker can attack, kill trees, and seriously degrade wood quality. Sapsuckers are migratory and can affect different tree and shrub species on a seasonal basis throughout eastern North America. It spends summers in Canada and the northeastern United States and migrates to the southern states in the winter. Trees in Danger Certain tree species, like birch and maple, are particularly susceptible to death after being damaged by yellow-bellied sapsuckers. Wood decay, stain fungi, and bacteria may enter through the feeding holes. A USFS study concludes that when a red maple has been fed on by a sapsucker, its mortality rate goes up to 40 percent. Gray birch is even higher, at a 67 percent mortality rate. Hemlock and spruce trees are other food favorites but seem more impervious to sapsucker damage. The death rate for these trees is at one to three percent. How a Woodpecker Feeds A woodpecker searches the surfaces of tree trunks and branches for wood-boring beetles, carpenter ants, and other insects. The pecking style they use for feeding is very different than their territorial drumming, which is done mainly in the spring of the year. When looking for insects, only a few pecks at a time are made. Then, the bird explores the resulting hole with its specialized bill and tongue. This behavior continues until an insect is found or the bird is satisfied that one is not there. The woodpecker may hop a few inches away and peck at another place. The bark holes created by this feeding activity often occur randomly as the bird explores with pecking up, down, and around a tree trunk. This pecking style, for the most part, does not harm the tree. However, it can be a problem when a bird decides to visit wood siding, wooden eaves, and window frames. Woodpeckers can become destructive to property, especially wood cabins that are near mixed urban and woodland zones. How a Sapsucker Feeds Sapsuckers attack living wood to get at the sap inside. They often return to the tree to increase the size of the holes for more, fresh sap. Insects, especially those attracted to the sweet sap exuding from sap holes, are often captured and fed to the young during the breeding season. Repeated attacks of feeding sapsuckers can kill a tree by girdling, which occurs when a ring of bark around the trunk is severely injured. In the United States, yellow-bellied sapsuckers are listed and protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Taking, killing, or possessing this species is illegal without a permit. How to Repel Sapsuckers To discourage sapsuckers from feeding on your yard tree, wrap hardware cloth or burlap around the area of attack. To protect buildings and other outside personal property, place lightweight plastic bird-type netting over the area. Visual control using toy plastic twirlers fastened to the eaves, aluminum foil, or brightly-colored plastic strips are somewhat successful in repelling birds by movement and reflection. Loud noises can also help but may be inconvenient to maintain over an extended period of time. You can also smear on a sticky repellent. Deer repellent is also said to discourage feeding when sprayed on the tapped area. Remember that birds may choose another nearby tree for future tapping. It may be better to sacrifice the tapped and already damaged tree in favor of the loss of another tree due to future tapping damage. Source Rushmore, Francis M. Sapsucker. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Research Paper NE-136, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1969.
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Summer Internship Project - 11120 Words
A PROJECT REPORT On â€Å"ANALYSIS OF ONLINE PRODUCTS OF RELIGARE AND STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING BUYING BEHAVIOR OF THESE PRODUCTS†Submitted in the partial fulfillment of â€Å"POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT†From INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES GHAZIABAD [pic] Date of submission- 22/07/10 COMPANY GUIDE FACULTY GUIDE Mr. Pankaj Bhatnagar Prof. Tapan Kumar Nayak Sales Manager IMS-GHAZIABAD†¦show more content†¦Hence to know about the preferences on which customers buy these products I have done this study to clear which are the most important factors.From this I found people concentrate much on the brokerages and other charges they pay rather than other factors.Hence the companies having least brokerage and other charges have maximum share in terms of Demat accounts in this market.Other factors are also playing important role in buying of these products as after sale services,portfolio management etc.Hence companies are trying hard to give more value to customers than their competitors to make and retain more customers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are highly grateful to our project mentor Mr.Pankaj Bhatnagar(Branch Manager, Religare Securities) for his continuous support, supervision motivation and guidance through out the tenure of my project. .I would also like to thank Mr. Nitin Dogra (Relationship Manager, Religare Securities) and for his continuous support to understand the working of the stock market and the online products of the company. 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Friday, December 13, 2019
Anatomy of Blood Cells Exercise 32 Free Essays
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEWS OF AN ARTERY AND OF A VEIN ARE SHOWN HERE. IDENTIFY EACH; ON THE LINES TO THE SIDES, NOTE THE STRUCTURAL DETAILS THAT ENABLED YOU TO MAKE THESE IDENTIFICATIONS: STRUCTURAL DETAILS: ARTERY: ROUND AND THICK VEIN: THIN AND SQUIGGLY 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNICA INTIMA INNERMOST TUNIC, THIN TUNIC OF CAPILLARIES 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNICA MEDIA ESPECIALLY THICK IN ELASTIC ARTERIES, CONTAINS SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ELASTIN 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNICA EXTERNA MOST SUPERFICIAL TUNIC, HAS A SMOOTH SURFACE TO DECREASE RESISTANCE TO BLOOD FLOW 5 WHY ARE VALVES PRESENT IN VEINS BUT NOT IN ARTERIES? Veins need valves to create pressure to pump the blood to the heart. Blood flows away from the heart and, therefore, the pressure is not required. We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy of Blood Cells Exercise 32 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Helps against gravity. 6 NAME TWO EVENTS OCCURING WITHIN THE BODY THAT AID IN VENOUS RETURN. 1. Respiratory â€Å"Pump†. Pressure changes that occur in the thorax during breathing. 2. Muscular â€Å"Pump†. Contraction and Relaxation of skeletal muscles surrounding the veins 7 WHY ARE THE WALLS OF ARTERIES PROPERTIONATELY THICKER THAN THOSE OF THE CORRESPONDING VEINS? Because the blood is pumped directly into arteries so there is more pressure on the arteries 8 THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM HAS ONE OF THESE; THE VENOUS SYSTEM HAS TWO BRACHIOCEPHALIC 9 THESE ARTERIES SUPPLY THE MYOCARDIUM CORONARY 10 TWO PAIRED ARTERIES SERVING THE BRAIN EXTERNAL CAROTID, INTERNAL CAROTID 11 LONGEST VEIN IN THE LOWER LIMB GREAT SAPHENOUS 12 ARTERY ON THE DORSUM OF THE FOOT CHECKED AFTER LEG SURGERY DORSALIS PEDIS 13 SERVES THE POSTERIOR THIGH FEMORAL 14 Ok, so you’re using my notecards which is great. I am glad I could help you out cause I wish I had someone to help me out when I took this course. I know Anatomy is super hard. I only ask that if you find these notecards helpful, you join Easy Notecards and create at least one notecard set to help others out. It can be for any subject or class. Thanks and don’t forget to rate my helpfulness! 15 SUPPLIES THE DIAPHRAGM PHRENIC 16 FORMED BY THE UNION OF THE RADIAL AND ULNAR VEINS BRACHIAL 17 TWO SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE ARM BASILIC, CEPHALIC 18 ARTERY SERVING THE KIDNEY RENAL 19 VEINS DRAINING THE LIVER HEPATIC 20 ARTERY THAT SUPPLIES THE DISTAL HALF OF THE LARGE INTESTINE INFERIOR MESENTERIC 21 DRAINS THE PELVIC ORGANS INTERNAL ILIAC 22 WHAT THE EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY BECOMES ON ENTRY INTO THE THIGH DEEP ARTERY OF THE THIGH, FEMORAL 23 MAJOR ARTERY SERVING THE ARM SUBCLAVIAN 24 SUPPLIES MOST OF THE SMALL INTESTINE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC 25 JOIN TO FORM THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA COMMON ILIAC 26 AN ARTERIAL TRUNK THAT HAS THREE MAJOR BRANCHES, WHICH RUN TO THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND STOMACH CELIAC TRUNK 27 MAJOR ARTERY SERVING THE TISSUES EXTERNAL TO THE SKULL COMMON CAROTID 28 THREE VEINS SERVING THE LEG ANTERIOR TIBIAL, FIBULAR, POSTERIOR TIBIAL 29 ARTERY GENERALLY USED TO TAKE THE PULSE AT THE WRIST RADIAL 30 WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE (CIRCLE OF WILLIS)? PROVIDES ALTERNATE PATHWAYS FOR BLOOD TO REACH BRAIN TISSUE IN THE CASE OF IMPAIRED BLOOD FLOW IN THIS SYSTEM. 31 THE ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES ARISE FROM THE __1__ ARTERY. THEY SERVE THE __2__ OF THE BRAIN. 1. INTERNAL CAROTID 2 CEREBRUM 32 TRACE THE PATHWAY OF A DROP OF BLOOD FROM THE AORTA TO THE LEFT OCCIPITAL LOBE OF THE BRAIN, NOTING ALL STRUCTURES THROUGH WHICH IT FLOWS? subclavian artery, vertebral artery, basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery 33 LABEL ARTERIES 34 LABEL ARTERIES 35 LABEL ARTERIES 36 LABEL ARTERIES 37 LABEL ARTERIES 38 LABEL ARTERIES 39 LABEL ARTERIES 40 LABEL ARTERIES 41 TRACE THE PATHWAY OF A CARBON DIOXIDE GAS MOLECULE IN THE BLOOD FROM THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA UNTIL IT LEAVES THE BLOODSTREAM. NAME ALL STRUCTURES (VESSELS, HEART CHAMBERS, AND OTHERS) PASSED THROUGH EN ROUTE. RIGHT ATRIUM - RIGHT VENTRICLE - PULMONARY TRUNK - RIGHT OR LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY - LOBAR ARTERY - PULMONARY CAPILLARY BEDS IN LUNGS - AIR SACS OF LUNGS. How to cite Anatomy of Blood Cells Exercise 32, Papers
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